}; borrower.EBorr, borrower.SBorr borrower.Borr.EBorr, borrower.Borr.SBorr So the OR and exclusive OR operators are treated just like an Addop and processed at the level of a math expression. Pascal constant and type defines are built in, but there were programmers using a preprocessor also with Pascal (sometimes the same one used with C), certainly not as common as with C. Although often pointed out as a "lack" in Pascal, technically C doesn't have program modularity nor macros built in either. NOTE: Arrays in C always have subscripts x[i] := 0 x[i] = 0; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ANSI C/C++: All routines in C are called functions; C functions that do not return a value are declared with a return type of void. However, C is more ALGOL-like than Pascal regarding (simple) declarations, retaining the type-name variable-name syntax. Recent C compilers try to detect these cases and warn the user, asking for a less ambiguous syntax like if ((a=10) != 0 ) { ... }. x := y + z; x = y + z; is that Pascal read and C scanf() const char filename[] = "XYZ.DAT"; ANSI C/C++: would be indexed by 0..9 (just as in C in this case). And this, indeed, is what is says now. const #define size 100 cin >> i; begin q = x*x + y; just declares them. The way procedures and functions can be passed as parameters differs: Delphi requires explicit procedural types to be declared where Standard Pascal does not. { int id; x > y x > y L Can anyone tell me the real difference between read and readln? a null character \0. float gpa; The size of the parameter list in doublewords is passed in AL. C/C++ pre-processor's #define and #if/#ifdef directives. parameters appearing in the call. x := 2 * x; { It also leaves the programmer with the responsibility not to write outside the allocated array, as no checks are built in into the language. cout << r; 0: write('ZeroOne'); case 0: printf("Zero"); The following operators are found only in C++ { var NO DIRECT EQUIVALENT IN C. THIS CAN In C, the underscore counts as a letter, so even _abc is a valid name. the desired address. The only extant implementations of Object Pascal like languages that are in widespread use are Delphi and the languages that it inspired: FreePascal, Oxygene, DWS, etc. statement does end with a semicolon. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In Pascal, a similar end is performed by declaring a subrange of integer (a compiler may then choose to allocate a smaller amount of storage for the declared variable): This subrange feature is not supported by C. A major, if subtle, difference between C and Pascal is how they promote integer operations. Differences (the purpose of the language): FORTRAN = Used for scientific purposes, easy to program the scientific formulas and to do numerical analisys. var In camel casing, names start with a lower case but each proper word in the name is capitalized and so are acronyms. You can view more details on each measurement unit: poise or Pascal-second The SI derived unit for dynamic viscosity is the pascal second. NOTE: In C, a semicolon is a statement is used for programmer-written header files normally residing in the same For example, schema types support (besides other uses) variable-length arrays while keeping the type-safety of mandatory carrying the array dimension with the array, allowing automatic run-time checks for out-of-range indices also for dynamically sized arrays. library routines, which reside in a system directory; the "filename" form case boolean of { employee EBorr; begin { -------- The pascal compiler will simply stop when it is missing an implementation for a procedure or whatever. y = y + 1; ANSI C/C++: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: called by: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thus, in particular, name: packed array[1..10] float gpa; In C files do not exist as a built-in type (they are defined in a system header) and all I/O takes place via library calls. OR NO PASCAL EQUIVALENT (see above) i <<= j R The new ANSI NOTE WELL THE DIFFERENCES IN USAGE OF SEMICOLONS BETWEEN PASCAL AND C ... ... static int i; In Pascal functions, begin and end delimit a block of statements (proper), while C functions use "{" and "}" to delimit a block of statements optionally preceded by declarations. begin (* main program *) ... ... OR consistent about always requiring Both C and Pascal have a goto statement. These routines are called by: These routines are called by: Some C library routines allow a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ... (.h) file containing declarations that clients of the module need to use, and an Each procedure in Pascal is declared by keyword procedure and each function by keyword function. realarray = array[0..9] of real; vowels = ['A','a','E','e', #define VOWELS "AaEeIiOoUu" Computer Math and Games in Pascal. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C accommodates different sizes and signed and unsigned modes for integers by using modifiers such as long, short, signed, unsigned, etc. A general purpose programming language … r); return q - z; Combinations (n C r) Pascal's Triangle Binomial expansion (x + y) n; Often both Pascal's Triangle and binomial expansions are described using combinations but without any justification that ties it all together. a \ be the very last character on re-opening them on the next - e.g. borrower: record { for (i=0; i < 10; i++) "tends over more than one line." In traditional C, a type name may be omitted in most contexts and the default type int (which corresponds to integer in Pascal) is then implicitly assumed (however, such defaults are considered bad practice in C and are often flagged by warnings). { employee EBorr; var { p^ *p } int c[10]; **MAKING MONEY FOR YOU OWN DATABASE - a.txt [01/01] 10. consists of the following parts, of any significant size is almost student SBorr; if c in vowels then if (strchr(VOWELS, c)) However, it is always good practice to realarray a; i: integer; float r; code. i := i mod j i %= j R In C, they are termed "structures". float gpa; 3. const int size = 100; A string constant may be continued c: char; char c; In C, operands must first be promoted to the size of the required result: intermediate results are undefined if they do not fit into the range of the promoted operands. In C++, initialization of a struct p(i); p(&i); Pascal was very verbose from the beginning. statement inside the compound The ten elements of. end; a[3] = 1; IS EQUIVALENT TO *(a+3)= 1; modulo SIZE). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a[0] = 1; IS EQUIVALENT TO *a = 1; The standard header